Just to clarify: 2-cycle and 5-cycle. There is no 3-cycle.
But, to make a long story short: the 2-cycle test is cheaper and somewhat less realistic, and underestimates the real-world range by a bit, on average.
The 5-cycle test is more realistic, more expensive, and *over*estimates the real-world range by a bit, on average.
Both are valid according to the EPA. Yes, I agree it’s confusing to the consumer. I don’t like that.
But it would make very little sense for Lucid to use the 2-cycle test and have it underestimate, given that they wanted to set new range records, and could do so while remaining completely within the letter of the law and using the same test as Tesla and others.
The EPA very explicitly describes the testing scenarios on
their website:
- A vehicle with a fully charged battery is driven continuously over the EPA city cycle until the battery is depleted and the vehicle can drive no further. The distance driven is recorded. This is repeated, again starting with a full charge, over the EPA highway cycle, again recording the distance driven when the battery is depleted. This “single cycle” test consists of multiple repeat drives of the city or highway cycle. (Borski note: This is the “2-cycle test”)
- Automakers also have the option of doing a multi-cycle test, which consists of four city cycles, two highway cycles, and two constant speed cycles.* (Borski note: this is the “5 cycle” test, which looks like it might actually be 8 cycles?)
- All testing is done in a laboratory on a dynamometer.
- The city and highway driving ranges determined from this testing are adjusted to account for real-world factors that are not represented on the laboratory test procedures. These factors include such things the impact of air conditioning, of cold temperatures, and of high speed and aggressive driving behavior. Although the regulations allow some optional approaches, the most common approach is to use a factor of 0.7 to adjust all the test parameters, including range. For example:
- An EV achieves 200 miles on the highway laboratory test. Real-world highway driving range → 200 x 0.7 = 140 miles to account for aggressive driving and HVAC use.
- The adjusted city and highway range values are weighted together by 55% and 45%, respectively, to determine the combined city and highway driving range that appears on the EPA fuel economy label. For example:
- Assume an adjusted city range of 168 miles and an adjusted highway range of 140 (from example above). The official combined range value → (0.55 x 168) + (0.45 x 140) = 155 miles (values are rounded to the nearest whole number).
For more information you can also read the federal regulations
here and
here.
In summary:
When many automakers run the two cycles, they get the EPA range number for the car's window sticker based on 55 percent city driving and 45 percent highway driving. The blended calculation is then reduced by 30 percent for the sticker. Some automakers even reduce the range figure further for the window sticker to make it even more applicable to real-world driving.
Tesla and Lucid run all five cycles, makes its calculations, and then the number could be reduced by just 23 or 24 percent for the window sticker. The additional tests include a high-speed test, an air conditioning test loop, and a cold test cycle. All of these extra tests cover a short distance and have low average speeds, so Lucid and Tesla’s greatly increased efficiency at low speeds (with an optimal efficiency at about 28mph for the Lucid) helps them out a lot on the 5-cycle tests.
A good video about the cycles and how Tesla does it is
here. Wish there were one for Lucid but should be the same, since all manufacturers have to follow the same rules.
Is this a good enough explanation? Should we pin this somewhere?
@Bobby if you feel I described it well enough, maybe add it to the FAQ?
I would *love* to never see another one of these threads again (not because there’s anything wrong with questioning it, but because this topic has already been beaten to death multiple times).